What is the difference between sterilization and disinfection?

The distinction between sterilization and disinfection is essential in the field of surgical technology. Sterilization is the process that eliminates all forms of microbial life, including bacteria, viruses, spores, and fungi. This is achieved through methods such as steam autoclaving, ethylene oxide gas, or other high-heat treatments. In contrast, disinfection focuses on reducing or eliminating harmful microorganisms from surfaces or instruments but does not necessarily kill all bacteria and spores. Disinfection typically renders an object safe for handling by humans, but it may not provide the same level of assurance as sterilization regarding the complete absence of microorganisms.

This definition is crucial in surgical settings, where absolute asepsis is required to prevent infections. Knowing the difference helps healthcare professionals determine the appropriate method for preparing tools and surfaces for surgical procedures, thereby ensuring patient safety and optimal outcomes.